There are three main functions of metalworking fluids in CNC metalworking.
Cooling reduces the temperature in the cutting zone, which leads to improved surface quality (for example, preventing burning) and longer tool life. Effective cooling also lowers energy consumption during cutting, reduces the formation of built-up edges, and improves chip evacuation – all of which are critical for stable CNC processes.
Lubrication reduces friction between the workpiece and the cutting tool, enables higher cutting speeds, and improves surface finish. This effect is particularly important when machining tough and ductile materials. For brittle materials such as cast iron, the influence of lubrication is generally less pronounced.
Reliable flushing of chips from the cutting zone and the working area of the CNC machine prevents surface defects such as scoring. Flushing also fulfills an important technological function, for example during drilling, machining deep pockets on milling machines, or boring operations on lathes. Efficient chip removal reduces tool wear and improves overall machining quality.
Important: When machining with carbide tools at high cutting speeds, the supply of metalworking fluid should be continuous and sufficient. Interruptions in fluid supply can lead to thermal shock and microcracks, which may ultimately cause tool failure.
When using metalworking fluids, occupational safety aspects must also be considered. Appropriate protective measures when handling metalworking fluids, such as regular emulsion maintenance, clean machine operation, and compliance with internal procedures, contribute to a safe working environment.
A correctly adjusted and well-maintained emulsion can help minimize exposure of the respiratory system to aerosols. In addition, proper product selection, stable concentration, and regular monitoring can reduce skin irritation and potential metalworking fluid allergies.
The selected metalworking fluid must always be matched to the specific machining process and workpiece material. Water-miscible metalworking fluids, for example, must maintain their chemical stability and physical properties over extended periods, must not cause corrosion on surfaces, and should operate efficiently while remaining environmentally responsible.
Metalworking fluids are a fully integrated and essential element of the technological process chain in CNC metalworking. They have a direct impact on productivity, tool life, and machine availability.
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